( It is noteworthy that the gut microbiota functions as a central mediator in the bidirectional communication between the GI system and the brain, a network commonly known as the microbiotagutbrain axis ( The term experienced a semantic evolution in 1965, when Lilly and Stillwell redefined it to describe metabolites secreted by one microorganism that stimulate the growth of another ( A further key refinement in 1998 emphasized that such benefits occur only when probiotics are administered at sufficient doses ( The panel concluded that probiotic efficacy is both strain-specific and dose-dependent, indicating that health benefits demonstrated by one strain cannot necessarily be generalized to others, even within the same species ( Lactobacillus , Bifidobacterium , Bacillus , and Pediococcus , as well as certain yeast species ( Robust clinical evidence supports the use of specific probiotic strains in managing GI disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), Helicobacter pylori infection, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and infectious diarrhea ( Simultaneously, several meta-analyses and guideline panels highlight that many claimed indications are supported only by low- to moderate-quality evidence, with significant heterogeneity between trials and frequent failure of some strains or formulations to demonstrate superiority over placebo in rigorous, well-controlled studies ( This review examines the mechanisms of action of probiotics and summarizes current evidence regarding their effects on human health

PMCID: PMC6589839 Lou YR, Bor M, Yan J, Preuss AS, Jander G (2016) Arabidopsis NATA1 acetylates putrescine and decreases defense-related hydrogen peroxide accumulation
Altered S-nitrosylation of p53 is responsible for impaired antioxidant response in skeletal muscle during aging
These benefits extend far beyond simple moisturization, offering measurable changes in skin structure and function that contribute to a more youthful appearance
Rhonda Patrick: And your muscles are basically contracting and producing heat from that, but that's just not very efficient