43,47 Comparing maximum levels reported, for every gram of tobacco smoked, people who smoke waterpipe tobacco inhale 8 times less acetaldehyde, 16 times less acrolein, but roughly the same amount of formaldehyde, 250 times more 5-HMF, 6 times more furfural, and 3 times more furfuryl alcohol than people who smoke cigarettes
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95% CI: 0.202.20) and 2 weeks (0% vs 13%
Rest & Digest Nicotine can influence digestion through two interacting pathways: Indirect fight-or-flight effects through the sympathetic nervous system, which generally inhibits gut function and reduces gut blood flow Direct effects in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract itself via nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the enteric nervous system and other local tissues Because these pathways can push in different directions, people can experience very different (and sometimes opposite-feeling) GI effects