Mounting evidence indicates that smoking-induced dysbiosis across the oral, respiratory, and gut microbiota perturbs immunemetabolic balance, thereby contributing to the onset and progression of inflammatory, metabolic, and neoplastic diseases
The key number they rely on is an increase in tobacco sales from 21.015bn in 2012 to 21.074bn in 2013*
Heterogeneity was absent across both subgroups (I 2 = 0%), and the test for subgroup differences was not statistically significant ( p = 0.0642), indicating no substantial variation between study designs (Fig
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