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Cigarette smoke generates a high level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing oxidative stress and cellular damage (1-3)

For patients who have quit smoking, professional whitening results for tobacco discoloration teeth typically last one to three years with proper maintenance, including regular professional cleanings every three to four months and periodic use of custom take-home whitening trays

Both issues presented significant concerns for employees health and safety, Rowe found

Harm Reduct J 16:110

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